Lex Pundit
CriminalSettled

The Crown's duty to disclose

The Crown must disclose all relevant material to the defence, subject only to limited privilege.

Position current as of July 2026

Current position

The Crown is not an ordinary adversary; its role is to see that justice is done. It therefore has a duty to disclose to the defence all relevant information in its possession, whether or not it helps the prosecution and whether or not it intends to call it as evidence.

The duty is triggered on request and is ongoing. It may be limited only where the material is clearly irrelevant or protected by a recognised privilege. A failure to disclose can breach the accused's right to make full answer and defence.

Governing authority
R v Stinchcombe
[1991] 3 SCR 326

Stinchcombe established the modern disclosure obligation as an aspect of the right to make full answer and defence.

Key cases
Supreme Court of Canada
R v Stinchcombe
[1991] 3 SCR 326 · Nov 7, 1991

The Court held that the Crown has a legal duty to disclose all relevant material to the defence — whether or not it intends to rely on it, and subject only to limited privilege — because disclosure is essential to the right to make full answer and defence.

How the law evolved
Pre-1991
Disclosure discretionaryPrior law
The extent of Crown disclosure rests largely on practice and discretion.
1991
R v StinchcombeLeading case
[1991] 3 SCR 326
A legal duty to disclose all relevant material is recognised.
Today
Ongoing obligation
Disclosure is a continuing duty, central to trial fairness.